Belgrade essays

Belgrade essays Probably one of the most interesting facts about Belgrade is that it exists at all. In its long history, it has been devastated more than twenty times. The reasons people continued living there is that it ocupies a vital strategic position at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, and lies on the cross roads between east and west. The Celts were the first to settle there, and later the Romans built a city there. The Huns, the Goths and the Avars all possessed it. Finally, it was settled by the Slavs and remained, with interuptions, one of the chief cities of Serbian state, until Turks took it away from the Hungarians in 1521. Numerous battles were fought for it, in and around it. It is not surprising that very few antiquites survive, though it would be much more but for the violent German bombardment in 1941. The NATO bombardment in the spring 1999 had destroyed almost all of the very few authentic buildings, but the city wall, built in 16th century as a protection from Turk s, still remains (although in ruins) as one of the major characteristics of Belgrade. Furthermore, Serbia has been through five wars during the last decade, and Belgrade is a true image of a third world capital with the government in a trasition from dictatorship to democracy, with the devastated economy and overall decline of society. (1) Belgrade, with its two million residents, is located in Serbia , at the place where the Sava joins the Danube. It is one of the oldest cities in Europe, and besides Athens, the greatest urban whole of the Balkans. The oldest archeological artefacts in Belgrade date back to the fifth millenium BC. It is the capital of Serbia and Yugoslavia, whic is multietnical country, with 63% Serbs, 14% Albanian, 6% Montenengrin, 4% Hungarian, and 13% others. 65% of the population are Christian Orthodox, 19% Muslim, 4% Roman Catholic, 1% Protestant and 11% others. (2). The form of government today is multiparty federal democrac...

Learn About Herrerasaurus, One of the First Dinosaurs

Learn About Herrerasaurus, One of the First Dinosaurs One of first dinosaurs ever to walk the earth, theres some dispute about whether Herrerasaurus was even technically a dinosaur at all- that is, this meat-eater may well have predated the split between ornithischian (bird-hipped) and saurischian (lizard-hipped) dinosaurs, which could conceivably have made it a very advanced archosaur rather than a true dinosaur. Whatever the case, its clear from Herrerasaurus predatory arsenal- including sharp teeth, three-fingered hands, and a bipedal gait- that it was an active and very dangerous hunter, even making allowances for its relatively small size (only about 100 pounds, max). Origins of the Earliest Dinosaurs As far as we know, the earliest dinosaurs evolved in South America during the middle Triassic period, when Herrerasaurus lived, and then gradually spread to other parts of the globe (which wasnt as challenging as it would be today, since most of the earths landmasses were clustered together in the giant continents of Laurasia and Gondwana). In fact, the fossil beds where Herrerasaurus was discovered later yielded another famous proto-dinosaur dating from a few million years earlier, Eoraptor, which is now considered by many experts to be the first genuine dinosaur; another notable early dinosaur genus is the comparably sized Staurikosaurus. All of these early genera present a huge challenge to paleontologists trying to reconstruct the dinosaur family tree. For now, the bulk of the opinion is that Herrerasaurus and pals were true saurischians, the family of dinosaurs that later gave rise to more advanced theropods (like Tyrannosaurus Rex and Velociraptor) and the giant sauropods and titanosaurs of the later Mesozoic Era. The basic issue at stake is whether dinosaurs as a whole are a monophyletic or a paraphyletic group, a question thats way too technical and controversial to try to address here! What was Herrerasaurus Prey? If Herrerasaurus was, in fact, one of the worlds first dinosaurs, what did it prey on? Well, this meat-eater did co-exist with one of the first identified herbivorous dinosaurs, the slightly smaller Pisanosaurus, which may well have figured on its dinner menu. Other candidates include small therapsids (mammal-like reptiles) and a family of plant-eating archosaurs known as rhynchosaurs (a good candidate being the contemporary Hyperodapedon). And while there were no larger dinosaurs than Herrerasaurus in middle Triassic South America, the same doesnt apply to rauisuchids like the enormous Saurosuchus, which may have helped keep Herrerasaurus populations in check. Name: Herrerasaurus (Greek for Herreras lizard); pronounced heh-RARE-ah-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of South America Historical Period: Middle Triassic (230 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 10 feet long and 100 pounds Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Sharp teeth; ridge on snout; three-fingered hands with claws

Growth Strategy of Toyota Motor Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Growth Strategy of Toyota Motor Company - Essay Example This research aims to evaluate and present Toyota motor company that is on the peak due to the best car manufacturing, assemblage and its circulation in all over the world. Toyota is one of the leading car manufacturing companies in the world. Toyota introduces a range of cars and mini trucks for the consumers. I have selected Toyota motor company, as Toyota is one of the best selling brands in the region of Kingdom Saudi Arabia. In this research, the Growth strategies of the Toyota motor company are analyzed. The research paper will discuss about the Growth strategies, factors related to growth strategies and the behavior of company. The main reason of its best performance is its remarkable efficiency in management. Many other factors have reached the company on the top. Some people think that reason of company‘s best performance is its monopolistic operating system because company has a dominant market place in car exportation. People also considers its operating structure to oligopolistic because they see their competitors like GM that what they are doing and company makes sure that its services, its operating system make to reach the company on the top. The major objectives of the company are to enhance the growth in terms of technology and economy. To compete with the other companies and resolve the modern and future energy crises, Toyota motor company must make footsteps towards achieving sustainability. Summary The research paper consists of the growth strategies of the Toyota motor company. The research involved the qualitative methods and secondary data collection method is utilized to collect the data and information from different websites, articles, news websites and books. The basic objective of the company is to provide the customers with quality vehicles with maintaining the prices of the vehicles so that the vehicles come in a range of a person with low income. The company targets to provide the vehicles, which use alternate mode of energy and work well with energy transformation. Electric vehicles and hybrid introduces by Toyota have higher efficiencies and fuel economy. The vehicles are also important in reducing the green house gases emissions. Toyota motor company has dedicated customers and staff that help the company to improve the quality of the vehicles. The company works on having the knowledge that what a customer demands from a car. The company works on it and produces a car that fits the demand of a specific customer. In order to maintain the cost of the vehicle, the company produces vehicles in a massive number, the massive amount of vehicles reduces the cost per vehicle to the company and this helps the company to maintain the cost of the vehicles. The company works on sustainable growth and it has a set sustainable growth policy. In this way, in the economic crises the company can still make profit. From some previous hardships and recalls, the company has evolved with unique and different ideas to les sen the recalls as well as increase the profitability of the vehicl

Interpersonal communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Interpersonal communication - Essay Example In the given scenario there is an interpersonal communication happening between a supervisor and two employees. In the discussion, the participants are professionals working in an advertising agency where Marie is placed as a director, Steve and Jane are working as a manager, and Paul is a part of a different department. The verbal exchange between the three persons i.e. Marie, Jane and Steve is a part of the interpersonal communication. The discussion starts with a pleasant morning exchange of greetings at the office between Marie and Jane. Jane who is a manager, wanted to discuss about a competitor firm and their poaching of a developmental director. Jane thought it to be a positive step for the competitor firm. Jane proposed to get them as their potential client to make a positive impact on their own business. Jane also proposed to get the company as their new agent. Here, in the conversation the ‘Politeness Theory’, proposed by Goffman, is being used. The theory is called as the theory of face, as it explores the communication among power relations, social distance relations; solidarity and also the seriousness that is required for the issue in discussion are evident in the conversation (Holmes & Stubbe, â€Å"Doing Disagreement at Work a sociolinguistic Approach†). In the discussion, there is a disagreement evident to the proposal of Jane from Marie’s end. As Marie observes that Jane already has other important business dealings in hand so she would not be able to take risk of letting Jane go ahead with the proposed deal. So, there is a disagreement between the director and the subordinate. Jane did agree to Marie’s concern but showed Marie some recent statistics and also showed very able persuasion and negotiation skills to convince Marie to let her go ahead with the proposal. Marie thought of assigning the task that Jane had, to Steve, another manager in the advertising agency.

The academic statement of purpose (Econometrics field) Essay

The academic statement of purpose (Econometrics field) - Essay Example However, my result were challenged by the potential possibility of heterogeneity whereby agents participating and complying with the policy might also result in self-selection on marriage age even though the policy is compulsory, this is a common problem that plague most applied social programs (Handbook of Econometrics, Chapter 70). Later on, I encountered a similar problem on a project regarding the impact of social security reform on savings behavior in China, I estimated the substitution effect of compulsory individual pension and regular private saving, and results supported the later reforms on data selected from real individual account data to nominal individual account data which eliminated the heterogeneity problem. These experiences instilled in me a keen desire to better understand the underlying theoretical analysis on treatment effects in studies and also existing econometrics theories. Keeping these questions in mind, I began my course study at the University of Michigan where I learnt a number of econometric theory courses. With outstanding performance on these courses, I started working as a research assistant for my Professor on the project "two-stage within-group estimator in dynamic panel", this model extends the standard panel model when the regressors are endogenous and also integrates heterogeneity and endogenous variables separately. However, the standard within-group transformation will give a rise to another source of endogeniety in dynamic framework and therefore further bias the estimates. Therefore, we focus on tracing each source of endogeneity and asymptotical property of estimators. I therefore encountered other dimensions of treatment literature as well the two stage aver aging parameter method in this project. Our problem was later solved using Donald and Newey (2001) method whereby the instrument bias was eliminated by choosing subset of instruments and averaging the parameters from each selection. These two projects were beneficial to me and they formed a solid foundation to work on more advanced theoretical topic, they encouraged me to struggle to rise to a higher and complex level of understanding of econometrics especially recent research on the subject. My current coauthor work with my Professor is the identification of quartile treatment effect when treatment is endogenous under non-separable panel framework. Recent literature on treatment effects emphasizes nonparametric identification of certain parameters, robustness, as well as certain forms of heterogeneity in responses to treatment. ((Handbook of Econometrics, Chapter 70, Chernozhukov and Hansen (2005), Chernozhukov, Fernondez-Val, Newey(2009)). We are currently working on a project which is targeting quartile treatment identification in non-separable panel using bound restriction. This project is important given that it will help me gain more knowledge and also deepen my understanding of econometrics, the non-separable panel using bound restriction idea can be extended to censored regression, whereby the bound restriction is not automatically applied. In practice, the potential result can also apply to empirical work broadly when the data is selected from the lower and upper quartiles. I am currently pleased with my performance at the university and particularly proud of working with my professor

Ryanair Internal and External Analysis

Ryanair Internal and External Analysis 1.0 Introduction Organisations need to establish clear corporate strategies in order to gain full competitive advantages. This objective report is to carry out an in-depth analysis of the both the internal and external environments of Ryanair by using the strategic models. Ryanair is a low cost passenger airline that operates short haul between Ireland, UK and Continental Europe (Gill, 2005). The analyses are important in order for the company to improve its competitive strategies and also achieve its organisational objectives. This will fulfill Porter (1996) theory that organisations need to continually evaluate their strategies in order to improve their business operations (Richard Lynch, 2000) 2.0 The analysis of low-cost airline environment and industry There are many strategic models that can be used to analyse an organisations internal and external environments (Richard Lynch, 2000). This includes PEST, SWOT, Value Chain, Porters five forces, Porters generic model etc. For the purpose of this report, the appropriate tools would be used in order to identify the problems and issues that are confronting Ryanair and find lasting solutions through the development of appropriate strategies. 2.1 Environment analysis of Ryanair using PESTLE model (P)olitical factors affecting Ryanairs operations Political situation in the Middle East is causing a hike in fuel prices and high maintenance costs which is affecting Ryanairs low price strategy (Penelope Butcher et al, 2005). Other political factors including terrorists activities have prompted Ryanair to increase its security measures thereby increasing high costs. This has adverse effects and impact on its low price objective. The changes in government policies such as the enforcement of climate change charges on airlines is affecting Ryanair business strategies (Penelope Butcher et al, 2005). The European Union (EU) abolished the duty free sales which affected the numbers of tourist passengers (Scholes et al, 2005). In February 2004, the EU ruled that Ryanair has been receiving state subsidies for its base airport at Charleroi Airport and this led to the repayment between à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2.5 million to 7million to the regional government (Scholes et al, 2005). The EU also devised new rules to cover overbooking of flights and automatic compensation for cancelled flights (Scholes et al, 2005). (E)conomic factors that affects Ryanair operations and strategies Fuel price increases: The continuous increase in the price of fuels has made it difficult to meet it low cost objective (Penelope Butcher et al, 2005). The increase in air-flights price has made passengers to seek alternative cheaper means of transport such as rail thereby leading to loss of earnings. Fluctuating currencies: The instability in the price of US dollars, Euro and the British Pound is affecting the business operations of Ryanair because Ryanair engages in Fuel hedging and this could lead to high business risks. Potential economic recession and downturn: economic recession has had adverse effect on the airline industry due to a reduction in the number of travelers. (S)ocial/cultural factors effecting Ryanair business environments Aging populations: Aging populations travel less and also factors such as cocooning effect have prevented passengers from travelling i.e. terrorist activities countries like Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan etc (Penelope Butcher et al, 2005) Low cost strategy/wider demography: Lower cost of fares provided by Ryanair means that they attract wider demography of consumer The expansion of EU: The EU has increased the number of passengers travelling across Europe and been also been increase in business trips will lead to more customers base. (T)echnological factors affecting Ryanair business environments. Wireless technology expansion: The development of internet has increase online sales of air ticket and it is now used for online checking in Information and communication development: technological developments such as video conferencing, instant messaging, and mobile communications has led to less travelling for business travelers. Other developments: such as high-speed trains i.e. Euro star will lead to a decrease in air passengers and it will affect air passengers (L)egal factors Many new EU laws and regulations have affected the operations of Ryanair air. Other new EU laws which have legal rulings that are affecting the operations of Ryanair include overbooked passenger compensation, cancelled flight compensation and other laws. (E)nvironmental factors The promotion of environmental sustainability by the regulatory, governmental and non-governmental organisation has led to the introduction of other charges on the airline. These include carbon emission charges, climate change protection charges etc. The environmental factor has also lead to the introduction of voluntary carbon-offset charge from the airlines to the passengers. 2.2 Environmental analysis of Ryanair using Michael Porters five forces The first forces is applied to Ryan air and Porter (1996) identified five forces namely; threat of new entrants, the power of buyers, the power of suppliers, the threat of substitutes, and competitive rivalry. Threats of new entrants: New entrants protection by EU regulation- Many new competitors such as BMI, Easy Jet and other European airlines are being protected by the EU laws and price regulations according to European Union101 article 86 regarding competition and fair trade. There are barriers to entry that are faced by Ryanair in the past but some of these barriers have been reduced due to the increase in regional and secondary airports that are very lucrative for Ryanair business operations because the airports are less congested. Bargaining power of suppliers In the airline industry, the aircraft suppliers are two major players Boeing of the US and Airbus (European Consortium). There has been great competition between Boeing and Airbus which has averted price fixing and thus creates advantages for the airlines. In 2002, Ryanair set up a Dutch auction between Boeing and Airbus, and Boeing won the auction based on the fact that it gives better discounts to Ryanair (Stanley, 2005). The power of buyers The customers are more associated with lower costs and the internet has been used to exploit this. The strong desire for customer loyalty because of low switching costs is affecting Ryanair negatively. Threat of substitutes Alternative systems of transportation The alternative systems of transportation affect the market of airlines operations such as Ryanair. These include: Bus services such as Euro lines that have a European network of road transportation (Penelope Butcher et al, 2005) Rail services including Euro Star is creating a stiffer competitive environment for Ryanair. Videoconferencing: Technologies such as video-conferencing, web-mail, etc. have reduced the need for face-to-face meetings. This has greatly affected the turnout of business travellers. Rivalry among existing firms Ryan Air has many rivals including BMI baby, MytravelLite, Easy Jet, and Buzz. This competition has affected Ryanairs markets (Penelope Butcher et al, 2005) The analysis of the fives forces of porter and the PESTLE analysis indicate that Ryanair business environment is dominated by stiff competition which are affecting its operations. This has led to the development of new competitive strategies by the CEO. The strategies are entirely customer focused, based on providing low and competitive prices, excellent quality services and less operational charges on passengers as will be discussed below. 3.0 The analysis of the strategic capability of Ryanair and the identification of the key strengths and weaknesses (S)trengths of Ryanair Low cost due to its no-frills approach High financial capability- Ryanair has good financial capability that has a great impact on its finances and its ability to withstand increasing legislations and unfavourable economic conditions such as fuel price increase, unstable foreign exchange markets etc. (Ryanair corporate report, 2010) Good Customer Service- Ryanairs strategy is to deliver the best customer service performance among its competitors. Based on Association of European Airlines reports and its own published statistics, Ryanair has achieved highest punctuality, fewer lost luggage and fewer cancellations because it operates from low congested airports. Good technological base By utilising the power of Information technology such as internet, in January 2000, Ryanair converted its host reservation system from the BABS (British Airways Booking System) to a new system called Flightspeed, which it operates under a 10 year hosting agreement with Accenture Open Skies (Open Skies). High publicity: due to its chief executive Michael O Learys controversial issues High financial capability: see Appendix 1 (W)eaknesses of Ryanair Legislative issues with authorities Ryanair has been engaged in legislative issues with the Airline regulators and the EU commission. Secondary and provincial airports The use of secondary and regional airports by Ryanair has adverse effects on the passengers who spend more money to get to the cities. Over time customers may find this as big inconvenience. Prone to bad press Ryanair is perceived as arrogant and the slightest incident gets a lot of press coverage. Niche market Restricted expansion possibility 3.3 Ryanair strategic capabilities: value chain and core competences Low fares: The provision of low fare air tickets by Ryanair is the strategy in order to gain full market leadership. The low fares stimulate demand and the targets are business and leisure travellers. Ryanairs frequent Point-to-Point Flights on Short-Haul Routes. Ryanair provides frequent point-to-point service on short-haul routes to secondary and regional airports in and around major population centres and travel destinations has a major impact on the passengers who are keen to take short flights to their destination Low Operating Costs: Ryanair achieves its low operating costs by operating in secondary and regional airports where there are low congestion and less airport charges (Gill, 2005) Maximising and Utilising and the use of the Internet and other technologies: Ryanair has been utilising the internet technologies to improve its sales through online sales and the renting of its own servers for operations (Gill, 2005). This has led to an increase in its sales figures as shown in the account of the company. Improvement of operations by offering ancillary services: Ryanair provides ancillary services such as hotels, car rentals, in-flight sale of beverages, hostel rentals, internet services and holiday bookings in order to increase its sales and customer base. These services have increased the competitive positioning of the company over its main rivals such as BMI baby, easy Jet etc. Contracting out of services. Ryanair only maintained its own staff and services at Dublin Airport, aircraft handling, ticketing, baggage handling and other functions had been contracted out to third parties (Gill, 2005). 4.0 Conclusion Ryanair is a reputable European airline that has gained competitive advantages over its competitors through the implementation of appropriate corporate, business, marketing strategies. The application of low operational costs discussed such as use of regional and secondary airports, customer satisfaction and low price strategies have all made Ryanair a highly competitive airline that will continue to dominate the market. While its external environment has proved to be highly competitive and not very conducive to business, it appears that Ryanair strategic capabilities have helped to build and maintain its success.

Create Dramatic Tension Essay

A view from the bridge, one of Arthur Miller’s first comings when he became interested in the work and lives of large communities of long shore men. Arthur Miller himself worked as a long shore man on New York Brooklyn harbour. This certainly invigorated him into something ‘dangerous and mysterious. ‘ A View from the Bridge originated from a simple story Miller’s friend had told him about. At the time Arthur was active with numerous other projects he hand entitled to do, so he didn’t act upon this piece immediately. His travels along with many potential ideas combined with his clever knowledge and imaginative understanding would give way to something that would later on become controversial. This play was written in 1955, set in Red Hook in a slum area in New York, its exactly as it sounds, dull, dark and full of unwinding drama behind closed doors. Based in 1940s immigration had been illegal at the time when America had banned it due to heavy immigrant incomings, this made coming into America difficult but not impossible. A View from the Bridge at first boasts upon a second generation Italian family, consisting of Eddie, his wife Beatrice and her niece Catherine, these three characters living together pleasantly. These characters play an essential role in dialectical amusement. This Italian family would follow the nature of the stereotypical Italian virtues, valuing loyalty, fixated trust, respect and honour. Respect and loyalty are things an Italian family should contain and retain. A clear feature in this play is immigration, which right from the beginning intertwines through to the end. Starting of with such a young fun loving warm hearted family filled with an easy atmosphere then merged towards difficult and stiff tension between additional characters like Redolfo and Marco who come over to stay from Italy, the family go through hoops of dispute leading to argumentative circles and to a most glum ending. When Beatrice’s cousin’s Marco and Redolfo move into in with the family welcomed by Eddie, things start to submerge. Eddie notices Catherine’s fondness for Redolfo, causing Eddie to become over protective, but not because its his niece but more so because of unmentionable deeper feelings he has for his niece. This family gets torn apart by jealousy, loss of trust and violence. At the end of the play after psychological and verbal threats from Eddie to Redolpho, Marco at the end of Act one/two lifts a chair above Eddie declaring power, urgency and alarms start to go off. At the end of the play the immigration officers come in and arrest Marco and Redolfo. Tempers start to run up high as Marco swears at Eddie which sets him off. Eddie at the end attempted to kill Marco with a knife which goes by all his morals, but Marco turns Eddies weapon into his nemesis and kills him instead. Beatrice and Catherine were deeply upset about Eddies death recollecting what they lost forgetting all the trouble he’d brought upon himself. Eddie’s death was appropriate it wasn’t about why he would die more about how he would die. Although Eddie died, in a sense he became successful because he was killed on Catherine’s and Redolfo’s wedding day, so each day they would remember his death and why he died. My first key dramatic moment is when Beatrice says to Eddie ‘you want something else Eddie and you can never have her! ‘ and when she also adds, ‘the truth is not as bad as blood’ indicating that if he doesn’t acknowledge the truth their will be a bloody outcome. When Beatrice says all this its as if she had brought everything that has been hidden for so long out into the wide open. She brings up the hidden agenda that has stayed taboo to her for so long, she’s telling him that she knows that he wants something else and makes it clear she knows its Catherine by concluding ‘and Eddie you can’t have her! ‘ This is a key dramatic moment because this is when Miller lets Beatrice take control and helps the other characters understand why Eddie is doing what he is. Also because it comes as unexpected and to Catherine it would be a shock and would fill her with disgust, she had no idea what Beatrice was saying it hadn’t sunk in to her, she couldn’t believe what she was hearing. This moment delays what’s happening and it starts to focus on Eddie, Beatrice and Catherine. This horrifies the other characters around and certainly makes the audience reacts with gasp, for the characters had no idea about Eddies feelings but the audience had an idea of it but didn’t expect Beatrice to say what she did and they way she did. This caused dramatic irony because they knew something that the characters didn’t and they were witnessing the build up. This left Eddie in a state uneasiness he swiftly went into denial knowing that inside that Beatrice was speaking the truth. Miller showed us the effects when both Catherine and Eddie both exclaimed ‘B’ and diverted their attention and eyes on her. Miller created this effect cleverly because just as Eddie was going to confront Marco, Beatrice used this as a last attempt to stop Eddie’s frenzy. Miller showed us a wife telling her husband that she knows that her partner wants someone else, the biggest effect this would have is on Eddie. Also the way he showed us they horror in the raised voices. The audience and characters didn’t suspect Beatrice to confront Eddie like this, since she was torn apart by these 2 sides. Miller runs the tension higher than it already was and straight back down to the confrontation of Eddie and Marco.

Decision making Essay

The time taken by the organization in making decision is quite varied and cannot be correctly determined as the nature of the problem and other variables that can never be determined nor controlled easily have a great bearing on the total time (Curan & Mitchell, 2001). The nature of the organization and the kind of decision to be made also have a bearing on the time taken. It time critical decision making the aspects of time is important and the challenge thus lies in coming up with sound decision within limited time (Curan & Mitchell, 2001). Most theories adopted in decision making leave out the time taken in selection of actions which is often considerable in organizations where the decisions are viewed differently by constituent members (Curan & Mitchell, 2001). Coming up with a solution that are made without consideration of a well carried out problem solving session could lead to solutions that lack in operational significance, thus any decision making should be aimed at finding the solution that is either associated with the least cost or most returns of the total costs (Curan & Mitchell, 2001). In coming up with the cost, organizations must include the cost and effort taken in thinking and coming up with a plan or a policy in determination of the time taken in decision making. The problem with time considerations is that complex problems may hinder the development of best solutions (Spezzano & Mertens, 1999). In some instances, coming up with the best solutions could be within organizations grasp but the cost associated with such may not be acceptable to the organization. The organizational structure plays a great role in the speed of the decision making process (Spezzano & Mertens, 1999). A structure whereby all members of the organization have to be involved is time consuming (Kaplinsky, 2007). Such an approach is inclusive and the decisions made from this approach are more likely to meet both the needs and wants of the organization. The implementation of such policies is often smooth as those charged with the responsibility of carrying out the policies are well aware of the good and thus have the motivation required for the implementation. The tread off in this approach is the time taken; the approach requires organization wide consultation and is time intensive. Getting the opinion of each and everyone in a medium or large organization and coming upon with a decision based on their varied views can be demanding on an organization’s financial resources and time. Most organizations have adopted a mechanism where the executives and top managers exclusively take part in the formulation of the policies. Such an approach is time conscious and often leads to timely formulation of policies. Despite this, the relevance of the policies to the needs of the organization is brought into question as the people charged with the responsibility of implementation are not included in the formulation. Policies implemented through this mechanism often address what the organization wants rather than what it needs since organizations are best known by the people charged with the duty of policy implementation. Deciding on the correct approach is thus complicated as both time and relevance of decisions are very important, moreover, company heads have in a number of occasions made decisions that have turned out to be for the good of organizations without necessarily involving everyone, this complicates the issue even further. Therefore, organizations have to consider all the factors inherent of their organization that affect the decision making effort and thus the cost of decision making associated with each approach before deciding on whether to buy or build Automated office systems support.

Complete Guide How to Accomplish a Nursing Term Paper that Wins an A+

Complete Guide How to Accomplish a Nursing Term Paper that Wins an A+ The Peculiarities of a Nursing Term Paper Generally speaking, nursing is a complex subject that deals with numerous multi-faceted concepts and phenomena. As a healthcare profession, nursing provides an important background for healthcare workers and ensures specialized education for nurses through practicing and caring for patients. That is why nursing research is of crucial scientific value as it can potentially improve nursing practice and facilitate the improved quality of care. The Nursing term paper is a type of written assignments that are usually completed by students engaged in nursing, healthcare, and other specialized subjects related to these fields. At the end of the course, students are usually required to write a Nursing term paper and expand practical skills by exploring their theoretical background and performing their own research. The project has much in common with a research paper. However, the term paper, being a kind of testimony of the attained knowledge and the level of proficiency, requires more in-depth research with the use of different statistics and complex methodology. To receive a good mark for your Nursing term paper, you should follow the professor’s requirements and perform individual research on a relevant topic. Since nursing is related to Healthcare and Medical Sciences, it is important to explore the subject of your analysis from different perspectives. Also, you should support your thesis with arguments and examples developed on the basis of reliable factual information and statistical data. The key element of a successful Nursing term paper is a critical evaluation of the main results and findings of the author’s research. Everything mentioned above proves that it is not easy to write a high-quality Nursing term paper. However, with some nursing term paper writing tips, youà ¢â‚¬â„¢ll ease the process and make it more interesting and understandable. Choosing a Topic for the Nursing Term Paper: Our Writers’ Advice A properly chosen topic for a Nursing term paper is a halfway to the successfully completed work. Usually, professors provide students with different topics to choose from. If you don’t happen to have them all or the existing topics do not match your skills or scientific interest, ensure to come up with your own topic. It should be related to the topics covered during the course. Besides, it is important to find a topic that you’ve always been interested in or the one that you care about. Assess the potential topic to see if your theoretical knowledge and practical skills are enough to create a research paper. The relevance of the topic to the contemporary nursing practice is not less crucial than its correspondence to your interests. You should choose a topic that has been discussed in recent years so that it would be easy to find credible and not outdated sources. At the same time, you should introduce some novelty into the topic as your research should be authentic and not copied from the existing scientific works. In this case, you can explore some well-known issues from a new perspective or change the variables or the individuals targeted in the study. Also, pay attention to whether it is wide enough to find a sufficient number of credible and relevant sources to develop a term paper. At the same time, the topic shouldn’t be too broad as it will be difficult for you to cover all the information and structure the paper properly. On the contrary, if the topic is too narrow, you won’t be able to expand your research in the future. To be sure that you can find the needed inf ormation, make a research work before the topic is chosen and agreed upon with your instructor. Check the topic’s relevance as well as the state of its scientific grounding in contemporary studies. Based on these tips, the potential topics for Nursing research paper can be the following: Nursing Care for Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder Patient-Nurse Communication as a Determinant of Recovery Family Planning Strategies for Patients with HIV The Impact of Mandatory Overtime on the Quality of Care A Historical View on the Role of Pain Management Nurse The Effects of the Lack of Geriatric Training for Nurses Finding Trusted Sources for Nursing Term Paper Writing After choosing the topic, you should search for relevant and reliable sources to explore all the aspects of the topic in detail. You can search for them either in the library or on the Internet. Ensure to analyze the information found online critically as there are numerous websites that provide unreliable and unproven information. To ensure that your sources are reliable, you can use different specialized databases and academic journals. If your professor provides you with the list of helpful sites, visit them first and add them to your reference pages. The following online sources can be used for writing a Nursing Term Paper: websites ending with .gov or .edu since they are relevant and can be utilized for academic purposes; academic journals that specialize in Nursing, Healthcare, Medicine, and different sub-fields; general and specialized databases, online libraries. There are different websites and databases created specifically for nursing and medicine-related topics. The most popular among them are: PubMed – an online service that is a part of the National Library of Medicine; it provides numerous important citations as well as additional books and databases related to nursing and other life sciences; CINAHL Plus – an online database that contains helpful resources on nursing and allied health; Cochrane Library – an online library covering medical evidence helpful for grounding clinical treatment decisions; Nursing Reference Center Plus – a database that provides credible, evidence-based information on nursing practice; MEDLINE – a bibliographic database with academic articles in different fields of medicine, including nursing, veterinary, healthcare management, and others. Once you have enough credible sources to gather all the needed information for your Nursing term paper, you can start the pre-writing process, which is not less important. Pre-Writing Stage: Planning and Preparing Activities When you have the topic and some major sources for your Nursing term paper, it means that you have pictured your paper and its main accents in your mind somehow. However, you may not know where and how to start. To make it easier, you can turn to different pre-writing activities to establish the main focus of the paper and generate new ideas for successful research. First of all, pre-writing activities should be based on the information that you already know about the topic and the issues related to the topic. That is why it is important to start the research process and accumulate knowledge related to the topic before you define the main points of your paper. After that, you can use the method called â€Å"brainstorming.† Brainstorming implies writing down a list of all the ideas related to the topic that come up to your mind. The other helpful strategy, which is somehow similar to the first one, is â€Å"freewriting.† This strategy is about writing down ideas in the form of sentences. It can help to expand the initial idea and develop new perspectives, from which the topic may be further explored. The last strategy is known as â€Å"mind mapping.† While you should create a kind of graphic representation of your topic, the method mentioned above helps to visualize the ideas. More precisely, you have to decide what the leading ideas of your future paper are and write them down in circles. After that, you should also write down the supporting ideas and connect them to the primary ones by drawing lines. After the ideas are created, and the main aspects of the analyzed topic are defined, you can create an outline of your paper. It is a plan that will help you to structure all the parts of the paper and make it logical and consistent. The outline revolves around your topic and the thesis statement and lists the main points of your future paper. Also, the whole pre-writing process includes developing drafts and reviewing them to highlight the most important information. The Structure and the Format of the Nursing Term Paper To receive the highest mark, you should develop your Nursing term paper according to a particular structure and format. Look through the professor’s requirements and follow the format that is mentioned in the instructions. Usually, Nursing term papers are created with the use of APA format. In this case, the format defines the structure. An APA-formatted paper consists of the title page, the abstract, the main body, and the reference list. According to the requirements of the APA referencing style, your paper should be typed in twelve-point Times New Roman font. In-text citations should contain the author’s last name and the year of the work’s publication separated by a comma. If you insert the citation directly from a certain page of a publication or its online version, you can mention the page number as well. For more detailed instructions on how to format the paper, you can visit helpful websites like PurdueOwl or use citation-generating engines. You should decide on the structure of your Nursing term paper when developing an outline. If your professor has some special requirements regarding the structure of the paper, follow them. Traditionally, an APA-formatted Nursing term paper consists of the following parts: Title Page. The title page of the paper should contain the name of the topic, the running head, the author’s name, and the name of the institution he/she attends. It should contain some keywords that attract attention and help the audience to understand the main focus of the paper. Abstract. Write an abstract of your paper on a separate page typing the word â€Å"Abstract† in the center of it. The abstract should reveal the main points of your research with an emphasis on scientific novelty and relevance as well as your individual evaluation of the findings. Main Body. The main body should consist of the introduction, the main body paragraphs, and the conclusion. In the introduction, you should set the backgrounds of your research and explain the importance of the paper. The most significant element of the introduction is the thesis statement. It is usually the last part of the introduction section that explains the main argument of the paper. After that, in the main body section, you should explore in detail all the arguments mentioned in the abstract and in the introduction. The arguments should be supported by factual information, statistical data, real-life examples, other evidence-based information, and your own critical assessment. Conclusion. In the conclusion, you should summarize all the findings and accentuate the main purpose of the paper once again. The conclusion should not contain the information that was not mentioned in the paper before. Reference Page. The reference page is a separate page that goes after the main body. The title of this page contains the word â€Å"References† only. The sources used in the paper should be formatted according to the requirements of the APA referencing style and listed in the alphabetical order. Proofreading to Ensure Everything Looks Sounds Good Once you’re done with the writing part, you have to proofread and edit the piece if necessary. First of all, you should check grammar and punctuation as these elements reflect your overall academic knowledge. For this purpose, you can use some online websites like Grammarly that would help you find the most common mistakes and provide you with an explanation of your mistake. Ensure to check your paper for plagiarism as only authentic papers can receive high marks and show a high level of proficiency and knowledge. Besides, mind the word choice, and the overall style of the paper as academic papers have a certain requirement regarding their style. For instance, you should not use idioms, phrasal verbs, contractions or stylistically marked words. If it’s too difficult for you to detect your own mistakes, you can ask another person for help. For instance, your friend or parent can read your term paper and give you a helpful response highlighting the strengths and the weakn esses of your paper. Thus, you’ll focus your attention on the weak parts of the paper and improve them. Consequently, if you follow all the tips listed above, you will create a high-quality Nursing term paper, as well as improve your academic writing skills. Reference â€Å"Essay Help: 5 Tips for Writing Nursing Research Papers.† LinkedIn SlideShare, 16 Mar. 2013, www.slideshare.net/EssaysExperts/essay-help-5-tips-for-writing-nursing-research-papers. â€Å"How to Write a Term Paper: Outline, Topics, Format | EssayPro.† Essay Writing with EssayPro, Essay Writing with EssayPro, 11 July 2018, essaypro.com/blog/term-paper/. â€Å"100 Nursing Research Paper Topics for College Students.† Last Minute Assignment Help, 30 Dec. 2016, www.lastminuteassignmenthelp.com/100-nursing-research-paper-topics-college-students/. â€Å"Nursing: Databases for Articles, Etc.† Subject Course Guides, researchguides.uic.edu/c.php?g=252186p=1684967. â€Å"Tips for Writing a Research Paper.† NMU Student Organizations, May 2011, www.nmu.edu/writingcenter/tips-writing-research-paper.

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