Las Dos Fridas (The Two Fridas) – Frida Kahlo Painting

Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo Calderon, or Frida Kahlo, was a painter born in Mexico in 1907 and died in 1954. Her father was German and her mother was Mexican Indian. From her childhood, she was diagnosed with polio, a disease that infects the spine, and the disease left her right leg distorted. At 18, returning from her art school, the bus she was riding in hit a tram and an iron bar pierced her abdomen/pelvis area. Her legs and vertebrae suffered serious damage. The accident was a turning point in her life. In her hospital bed, she installed a mirror above her bed. She painted many works, most of which were self-portraits.In 1928, Frida met Diego Rivera, whom she married a year later. She could not have children with him because of the accident. Frida was a huge part of the surrealism movement, and a good example of this would be her painting, â€Å"Las Dos Fridas† (â€Å"The Two Fridas†). This work was painted in 1939, shortly after her divorce from Diego Rivera. The painting depicts two different personalities, or versions of her, sitting on a bench. The Frida on the left is clad in a Victorian era wedding dress (this depicts the Frida that Diego left), and the one on the right wears a Tehuana, which is the part of Frida that Diego loved and respected.The hearts of the two Fridas are exposed. The one on the left’s heart is broken, and the one on the right’s heart is whole. The fact that she is holding her own hand could suggest that she wants us to see that she is her only companion. The composition of the foreground makes the two women the centre of attention, and the gloomy sky in the background could reflect inner turmoil. Despite the deeper meaning of the portrait, both Fridas look equally as confident and officious.Movement in this portrait is very little, the only thing we can see that is actively moving is the cut artery from her heart which is squirting blood. This is the first thing that caught my attention. I think, pai red with the scissors in her hand, this could imply self-destruction but giving the circumstances one would be right to assume heartbreak. The actual make-up of the painting is very pristine, with her use of oil on canvas. The brush strokes are delicate, precise and give a realistic effect. There’s a lot of depth in the painting, like in the folds of her dresses and the use of shadow.Frida has shown light and dark tones clearly by making herself the lightest and most vibrant subject in the area, which in contrast, is very dark and almost sinister. Despite the contrast, there’s still a sort of darkness all throughout the painting. The portrait gives an overall negative vibe; it makes me feel sympathetic towards her. The use of line is very subtle and is immaculately blended. The most colourful thing in the foreground is the happy Frida on the right, who wears blue, orange, and gold tones. There doesn’t seem to be an obvious colour scheme.Frida in the white dress is very neutral; it complies of subtle tones of olive and lilac, and overall the wedding dress is a blend of harmonious colours. The painting is, in my opinion, half cold tones and half warm tones. The representation of herself in the painting is realistic but her style of painting gives it an almost cartoon effect. I really adore this painting. I like it because it’s obviously something which holds much deeper meaning. It’s symbolic of heartbreak, despair and deceitfulness but, ultimately, is a representation of empowerment and sticking by your side when no one else will.

Customer Service Positions Essay

There are several types of customer service jobs out in the world that have certain requirements and back rounds that need to be met in order to qualify for a certain job. I found a job post on Monster.com for a customer service management position through the company Ecovacs Robotic Inc. located in Glendale, California. A customer service manager is to provide excellent customer service policy for the organization, develop a customer service policy for the organization, manage and hire a team of customer service staff, and handle face to face inquires. Ecovacs is a company that sales different variety of electronics. To qualify for this position, you have to either have a Bachelors Degree or equivalent experience plus five years customer service experience. It is also required to have exceptional interpersonal communication and negation skills. (Monster.com) The major requirements to work at Ecovacs are performing excellent management, training, and development skills. As a customer service manager you must lead your team to meet organizational objectives and achieve results to build up the company you’re working for. Being able to organize and plan multiple priorities to meet deadlines. Ecovacs wants you to have two years’ experience in the electronic and technology industry of sales. Majority of the customer service positions for different companies requires the same criteria as far as managing a team of staff, knowing how to communicate, and being able to set up plans and meeting your goals as a team and company. A median salary for a customer service manager in the state of California is $38,000 a year. California’s salary is eight percent higher than average customer service manager salaries and incomes nationwide. Nationwide it ranges between $32,000 and $34,000 a year. (Indeed.com) On Jobpath.com they had an opening position for a medical receptionist in Illinois. A medical receptionist works in the Healthcare Services according to Jobpath.com. A medical receptionist does not require college level education. The requirements to become a medical receptionist are to have one to three years’ experience as a receptionist in a medical practice. It’s  required that you have open availability which means you are able to work a flexible schedule with rotating weekends. You must have a reliable source of transportation because you’ll have to travel to two different locations weekly. You must have knowledge of ICD-9 and CPI’s and have excellent written and oral communications skills. A medical receptionist job is checking in patients, answering phone calls and taking messages. It is required that you know how to communicate with insurance companies in order for customers to receive prescription coverage and have valid insurance information. A medical receptionist must be able to constantly be on your feet, engaging in several tasks which require a lot of multi-tasking. The average salary for a medical receptionists ranges from $23,000 to $25,000 a year nationwide. (Indeed.com) Working at Safeway we are a company that promotes excellent customer service. I decided to research the job of a cashier position. I visited Safeway.com for more information about a cashiers position. I did not find the information I needed so I went to Shrm.org for a detailed description about a cashier. A cashier, according to Dictionary.com is an employee, as in a market or department store, who collects payments for customer purchases. A cashier is responsible for maintaining guest services as company standard, generate sales, operate sales, operate cash registers, and follow all company policies at all times. A cashier must have a high school diploma or the GED equivalent in order to qualify for the position. (Snagajob.com) The requirements to become a cashier are being able to work varied hours and days as business dictates. You must be able to read, count, and write all documentation accurately. You must be able to communicate with associates and guests and be willing to anticipate customer needs. You also are required to maintain awareness of all product knowledge information, weekly promotions, and offer samples to customers when asking about a certain product, if you’re able to sample it. I know this first hand working in the bakery at Safeway. A cashier must also know how to make labels and tags for promotional items and product that goes on in sale in general. Also you must complete all duties assigned by management and communicate when you’re done with those duties or duty. Depending on what state you reside, a cashier can make $6.99 to $14.00 an hour or more. (Snagajob.com) The last job I decided to do research on was the position of a daycare assistant. My mother and sister are in the process of opening a childcare center so I thought it would be good to do research on the responsibilities of a daycare assistant. A daycare assistant is an employee who assists the director or teacher of a daycare facility with enrollment, hiring and supervising faculty, facility management, maintaining superb customer relations, handling management reporting tasks, and working with children from newborns to twelve years of age. (Indeed.com) The responsibilities of a daycare assistant is to set up activities and clean up after children. They also have to supervise children and help with jobs such as feeding and diapering toddlers and infants. Assistance keeps track of toddlers and infants behavior and communicates progress of children to parents. In order to become a daycare assistant, you must have a high school diploma or equivalent. You must be CPR and first aid certified just in case a staff member or child chokes on food or an object. You also must get a background check in which you have to have a fingerprint clearance, no criminal background like child abuse, sexual assault, domestic violence, prosecution, and molestation. Assistants who want to become daycare teachers or supervisors usually should have a minimum of an Associates degree in the field of Childhood of Early Learning. (Ehow.com) According to Indeed.com, the average salary for daycare assistants are $38,000 a year nationwide. There are all types of customer service jobs out there that require all different types of responsibilities and education. Working in the field of customer service, I have met most of the requirements from each job I researched online. I want to work in the field of communication and I know it is required that I have a Bacherlors degree and exceptional customer service skills and have knowledge about my job. References Daycare Assistant resources Davies, Faith. â€Å"Day Care Assistant Job Description | EHow.† EHow. Demand Media, 22 Dec. 2009. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. http://www.ehow.com/facts_5790737_day-care-assistant-job-description.html â€Å"Job Not Found | Indeed.com.† Indeed.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. http://www.indeed.com/viewjob?cmp=Doodle-Bugs!-Children%27s-Centers&t=Child+Care&jk=c220f26e0c22377e&sjdu=PfqW7OX-Y30gm1KgHUU8l4rlETR0V6maUXSL9Dn0qzaLz8h-P_GYMqQakJ_0OjgHzv1wNooo0v2ri2iBDlHIvQ Cashier Resources â€Å"About SHRM.† Login. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. http://www.shrm.org/TemplatesTools/Samples/JobDescriptions/Pages/CMS_001514.aspx Safeway – Official Site.† Safeway – Official Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. http://www.safeway.com/IFL/Grocery/Home â€Å"Cashier Job Description.† – How to Become a Cashier. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. http://www.snagajob.com/job-descriptions/cashier-2 Medical Receptionist Resources â€Å"Medical Receptionist Position Description.† Jobpath.com Illnois, N.p., Web. 19 Jan. 2014 https://www.jobpath.com/medicalreceptionist Customer Service Manager Resources â€Å"Customer Service Manager: Job Description.† | Prospects.ac.uk. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. http://www.prospects.ac.uk/customer_service_manager_job_description.htm â€Å"Customer Service Manager.† Job in Glendale 91203, California US. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. Ecovacs Robotics Inc. http://jobview.monster.com/customer-service-manager-job-glendale-ca-us-128460946.aspx Major Website Resources To Find Jobs â€Å"Search Jobs for FREE with Monster.† Search Jobs for FREE with Monster. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. http://promotion.monster.com/keywordjobsearch-new/?WT.srch=1&WT.mc_n=olm_tm_srch_ggl_gen_sl&k_clickid=52fa51bf-8f42-fe09-033a-00003cc42730&k_trackingid=97Ãâ€"16314&gclid=CMHsgLWAjLwCFQPZQgod73MAFA

Art History: Filippo Brunelleschi Scuptor and Architect of the Renaissan

Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the greatest sculptors and architects of the Renaissance. His architectural achievements consist of some of the most well known and impressive structures not only of the Renaissance, but today. Not only were his structures amazing, but during his time he also invented new technology that would allow for his structures to be built. What would happen if Brunelleschi never designed architecture? We would have lost his inventions, his structures, and all of the work he inspired in other artists. Brunelleschi’s career path changed from sculpture to architecture after his loss to Ghiberti during the competition for the Eastern Doors of the Florentine Baptistery. If Brunelleschi had won that competition, architecture and art in the Renaissance, and even today would have been negatively affected. To understand how Brunelleschi came to be the artist he is, you need to look back to his childhood. Brunelleschi, during his youth, was showing that he was already capable of great things. His great-great-grandfather was a master physician, so there we can see evidence of technical skills being passed down. Brunelleschi’s father tried to push him into various career paths which didn’t involve art, such as being a physician, and a notary, but Brunelleschi showed little interest and was more drawn to manual labor, art, and things of greater utility. Utility by definition is the quality or state of being useful. We will eventually see several useful things come from Brunelleschi. His father realized that his son was going to do what he wanted, so he introduced him to a goldsmith where he learned to set stones and work with metal, which he quickly mastered and moved away from. He then moved... ... middle of paper ... ...ay have never discovered the secret to linear perspective, which was later used by not only architects, but painters as well, such as Masaccio's Holy Trinity fresco in 1427. All of the art that was ever inspired by Brunelleschi wouldn’t be here today. Brunelleschi barely lost the competition for the eastern doors of the Baptistry, and that may have been the most defining moment of the Renaissance. Annotated Bibliography Paatz, Walter. The arts of the Italian Renaissance: painting, sculpture, architecture. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1974. Partridge, Loren W.. The art of Renaissance Rome, 1400-1600. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996. Turner, Richard. Renaissance Florence: the invention of a new art. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1997. Vasari, Giorgio. Lives of the painters, sculptors architects. London, Toronto: J.M. Dent, 1927.

Spirituality in nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Spirituality in nursing - Essay Example This paper focused on four different religious beliefs, that is; Buddhism, Sikh, Baha’I and the Christianity. The main objective of the paper was to investigate different religious beliefs with regards to spiritual perspective on healing. Basically, discussed how spiritual perspective on healing on Buddhism, Sikh, Baha’I compares to that of Christianity. According to the paper, the Sikh religion teaches that health care providers ought to understand the religious preferences in the aspect of the patients and their care while; Buddhism considers the health and disease as a common fact to the life of human and in this way. In the same way, the followers of Baha’i believe in that the body of man contains physical body hence there is need to take good care of the body. Christianity talks about health and healthy living. Most of the teachings in Christianity focuses on good living and love with translate to good health. As mentioned above, the above religious beliefs might have different way of talking about healing but they all talk about the same thing in the end, which is healing of the body. It is very important to agree with the meaning of spirituality since the paper is going to shed light on the topic of spirituality and three (to be discussed later in the paper) varied faiths. In this way, this paper is going to reveal as well as compare the philosophy of providing care from the varied faiths with the perspective of Christianity. However, the word â€Å"spirituality† has more than one conflicting meanings. Going throughout any library of online source of reading, one encounters a number of definitions for the word â€Å"spirituality†. In this context, the standardized dictionary, Oxford Dictionary, gives the meaning of the spirituality as 1). The human soul or spirit is different from the physical things 2). Religious belief of the human is called spirituality. Therefore, the root word of the spirituality is spirit and the rest of

What are the implications of Hesketts Service Profit Chain for the Essay

What are the implications of Hesketts Service Profit Chain for the practice of service management - Essay Example According to him employees represent the front end of the company, in the sea of market forces, the customer. Higher satisfaction levels in these groups drives profits in the value chain. In fact higher the satisfaction, the better the performance and more profitable an organisation becomes. We will critically examine the ideas of Heskett. et. al with reference to remarks made on it, by on it by modern theorists, practitioners, researchers and business leaders of service industry. In order to develop conclusive arguments on the theory of Hesket et. al. we need to begin by stating definitions of terms like Value Chain, Profit, Customer, Investor, and Services. Value Chain: ICH Resource Architecture Center defines it as â€Å"a set of support activities to deliver valued added outputs to customers; an interrelated set of generic activities of inbound logistics, outbound logistics with intermittent functions of operations and sales (Porter); ACDI/VOCA sums all activities that bring a product from conception to end stage in the value chain. Employee: The British Employment Law defines employee as â€Å""an individual who has entered into or works under a contract of employment. (emplaw.co.uk)†. The employment can be of short duration and long duration and its rules, regulations vary from country to country. Investor: Investor is an individual who puts in money into an enterprise and seek profit thereof. In the current parlance, the word stakeholder is being used for investors. But sometimes the stakeholder is also used to mean the employees, the consumers and the community in which a company operates. Services: Answers.com defines a service that sells assistance and expertise rather than a tangible product. However service may also has a wider connotation for tangible items called product servicing. For theoretical purposes we will service in the tangible and intangible context. Critical

Economic Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic Journal - Essay Example Another effect is that consumers would tend to consume less today and wait until the prices still lower in the future. People will think that if prices are low to day, it will still decrease further in the future. Inflation is indeed harmful to the economy especially when it is paired with unemployment. However, deflation can also be detrimental to the economy. Lower prices tend to make buyers postpone their shopping thinking that prices would still lower in the future. Although it may seem that this is not a bad thing, it can affect the demand and supply of commodities in the economy. Since the consumers don't want to spend, commodities will be oversupplied and supply will swamp demand. According to Paul Krugman, "deflation discourages borrowing and spending, the very things the depressed economy needs to get going." ("What is deflation, what are the risks of deflation, and how can the Fed combat deflation")Since people do not want to spend their money, there is a tendency for firms to incur losses. This will in turn affect the employees of the company and there is a tendency for wages to drop and increase unemployment rate. Also, since deflation makes it difficult for firms to repay their debts, bankruptcy is most likely to occur and jobs will be lost. Yes, lower prices at first might seem to be pro-poor or more of an advantage to those who cannot afford some commodities. But in the long run, households and the people in the economy are still the ones who will suffer since they might lose their jobs and can add up to the problem of recession. Author: Justin Fox Title: The Economy Really Is Fundamentally Strong Magazine: TIME Publication date: October 16, 2008 Summary: It is known to everyone that America is experiencing problems with their economy. That is why when presidential candidate John McCain said that the fundamentals of the US economy are strong, many eyebrows were raised and his opponent Barack Obama didn't miss the opportunity to mock his statement. McCain's running mate Sarah Palin defended that McCain was talking about their workforce and the ingenuity of the American people. She was actually right because the American workforce and their being skillful remain to be strong in the midst of economic meltdown. Many economists assert that it is productivity growth that signals the economic well-being of a country. Productivity growth refers to the economic output per hour worked. This productivity growth was actually the reason why America was able to rise during the Industrial revolution despite the stagnation. What really caused the productivity growth during the industrial revolution is the dependence of the US in technology, electricity, combustion engine, and communication. In the mid-1990s, the engine was replaced with computers and the internet. After that, productivity growth continued to fluctuate. High productivity growth does not guarantee a good economy but it makes it more possible to have economic growth. With all these talks about productivity growth, maybe McCain was right that the fundamentals of the American economy are still strong. Analysis: The workforce of a country is

Law & Ciminology, Victimisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Law & Ciminology, Victimisation - Essay Example imple words, no act can be considered a crime, irrespective of how immoral or damaging it may be, unless it has been made criminal by state legislation. This conceptualisation appears straightforward enough. However, it tells us very little about the processes through which certain harmful acts and victims usually come to be identified and recognised as part of the crime problem while others remain hidden. A critical approach to the study of crime and its impact on individuals and society hence requires a reflection on the exact definition of crime, construction of legal conceptions and its victims. Apparently, victims play a major role in initiating the criminal justice process. Without them, much of the work of the criminal justice process would come to a halt. Shapland (1986) asserts that â€Å"the numbers and types of cases entering the system and thereby eventually providing the workload for the courts, prison service and other conventional agencies, appear largely to be determined by the reporting behaviour of victims and witnesses, not action initiated by the police† (p. 210). The fact that only a fraction of crime is reported to and recorded by the police, combined with low clear-up rates, means that only a small proportion of offences ever reach the court. In all these cases, victim experiences can be prolonged and complex. An incident that occurred in perhaps a few minutes can become the subject of a series of inquiries that may last months or years after the event. Victims who come to court expecting that a trial will be an assertion of their wrongs can find that their probity is on trial as well. In Britain, the role of victims within the criminal justice process is mainly confined to reporting the crime and/or providing evidence. The significance of the victims role in these areas is compounded by the fact that the vast majority of offences come to police attention through a victims report rather than through patrolling activities.

Irish Revolt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Irish Revolt - Essay Example Popularly it is known as the Irish Revolt. When this Irish revolt happened the British were at the back foot due to the war against Germany and its economy was in shambles. So it was very difficult for the British to control the insurgency in Ireland. During this period there was a great deal of political violence and upheavel. The violence used by the British to suppress the rebels led to an over-whelming support for them. To seek complete independence the Irish Republican Army waged a guerilla war against the British from 1919-1921. Though the World War I had weakened the British but still the Irish knew that it would be a Herculean task to engage Great Britain in a conventional war. So, the Irish nationalists collectively took a decision to bleed Great Britain slowly by starting an unconventional war against it through guerilla war tactics and intelligence played a very vital role in this. Michael Collins was the Director of Intelligence of the Irish Republican Army. He pinched th e British so much through his deadly tactics that he had an award of 10,000 over his head for 'dead or alive'. The IRA was particularly gruesome on those who took the bait to pass on information about Collins and immediately liquidated the person. Collins was equally vehement in acting against the British intelligence officers and played a vital role in executing a number of them. The British wanted to give a body blow to the Irish revolt by executing Collins and even raised a local force by the name of Black and Tans for the job. Despite that the local intelligence sources of the IRA were so effective that they on a number of occasions pre-empted the raids. There were a section of counterintelligence operatives in the IRA known by the name of Inner-Circle, and who were responsible for the penetration of various British installations. Their network spanned many nations and was able to penetrate deep in to various British facilities extending from Ireland to America and gathered hidd en messages that were later decoded and that in turn helped in the Irish Revolutionaries. The Inner Circle also established a central records center, known by the name of Brain Center within Dublin to effectively control and co-ordinate the counter-intelligence activities. This brain center also had detailed dossiers on many high ranking officials and the known intelligence officers and sympathizers of the British. The British intelligence service tried to penetrate the intelligence arm of the IRA and in its bid even planted a fake spy known by the name of Digby Hardy but the Irish intelligence had a inkling about his past and gathered lots of incriminating evidence against him. Eventually, hardy was expelled from Ireland. It came as a major humiliation for the British Intelligence and equally showcased the efficiency of the Irish Intelligence. In their penetration efforts IIS operatives were more consistent and successful than their British counterparts. The IIS had a number of Dub lin Castle officials on its payroll and extracted valuable information from them regarding the British military tactics and policies against the Irish Nationalists. The prominent among them were Ned Broy and James MacNamara. The IIS chief Collins also had a very valuable asset inside the British military intelligence who regularly passed information about the

International Market Entry and Development Essay - 1

International Market Entry and Development - Essay Example The paper explores a number of issues enveloping international market entry and growth. International Market Entry and Development A. Market Research in Appraising Foreign Market Potential The practice of market research pursues to expose the market potential of targeted foreign market. This encompasses investigating if the targeted export market enjoys the crucial means to procure imported products, in addition, to whether the needs and prospects of the target market are being sufficiently met. The evaluation of new market’s potential incorporates information centering on features such as competition, market volume and the economy expansion rate, and present trade restrictions. The examination of market prospective also engages competitive strength analysis by highlighting the competitors in the new market, additionally to comparative extent delivery of the objective market shares (Sakarya, Eckman & Hyllegard, 2007). Market size evaluation incorporates an appraisal of the all ocation of the overall market share within the new country that the organization can sensibly anticipate acquiring, as dictated by dynamics such as competition and pricing. Market growth evaluation entails an appraisal of the present demand and future claims, plus unexploited or unmet demand (Sakarya, Eckman & Hyllegard, 2007). There are a number of competitive tactics that may manipulate the choice of new foreign markets such as forestalling the entrance of related organizations or going into a market where huge competitors are deficient. B. The Considerations for Product Adaptation in Foreign Markets Product adaptation details a broad range of concerns varying from superiority and manifestation of products, to other features such as assembly, casing and modeling. Merchandise may have to be adjusted dynamically to match the physical, social, or obligatory prerequisites of a new market (Ajami, 2006). Likewise, the product might be redesigned or repackaged to suit varied consumer lik ings. In seeking product adaptation, organizations ought to be cautious of the downsides linked with adaptation. Inclusive adaptation of marketing solutions is not fundamentally constructive given that it hinders organizations’ capacity to employ benefits derived from features such as economies of scale (Ajami, 2006). Nevertheless, product adaptation assists organizations to appraise and efficiently exploit enriching differentiations, in addition, to distinguishing the company’s attributes and potential. Several factors that steer product adaptation encompass differential exploitation of conditions, political and regulatory pressures, changing client behavior models, competition, and coalition with the marketing concept (Goldman & Nieuwenhuizen, 2006). The edifying and psychological dynamics impacting on product adaptation comprise of facets such as consumption models (models of purchase and patterns of usage), and psychological attributes outlining outlooks towards th e brand. C. Approaches to Amending Promotional Tactic to Fit Foreign Markets Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Segmentation in marketing is typically commenced at the client level. Nevertheless, in international

How well do you communicate Essay Example for Free

How well do you communicate Essay I am considered to be a communicative person who established an outstanding raport with others. I am able to listen deeply to people,to help them ,to share my experience with them. Many of them tell me I am a good listener and when I talk they usually listen to me. What is important for a good communication? You need to take into consideration the point of view of others. I respect their opinion,but I respect my opinion as well. . I understand how people interpret my communicative style and I am able to avoid misunderstanding. I sometimes handle children hassles effectively. People usually understand my thoughts and I can nderstand theirs.. The tone of my voice sometimes communicates how I feel about my partner. Determining a communication problem is not very hard for me and I am often able to resolve it. I usually speak in a gentle manner,to give an impression of kindness. I often stay calm in tense situations. I can express my feelings and tell people close to me how much I care about them. My relationship with my family is full of emotion and devotion. Many people think I am a friendly and expansive person. I often know how to cooperate with them and they usually do what I want them to do. Read more:  Reasons why people communicate  essay However,I have not always been so successful. I was shy when I was younger and did not speak with assertion. It was hard for me to express my thoughts,it was hard for others to know how I felt about something. Later,I improved my communication skills. During my experience,I began to speak louder and people could understand me. I listened to others more carefully. I learned that it is important to avoid passive style of communication. I also learned to speak with more assertion because my own opinion is as important as the opinion of other people. I usually tell people to stay calm in unpleasant situations in order to avoid misunderstanding or aggressive communication. This style enables me to communicate effectively. I discovered that my body language and some gestures I made earlier affected my communication in a bad way. Eye contact is extremely important as it shows respect and interest for the person you are talking to. In addition to this,posture is another important aspect of dealing with others and sometimes it affected my communication. I learned to get my posture right which made me feel better. By finding out the major cause of communication breakdown,I could easily improve it. Being aware of the importance of a successful communication,I am trying to find the ways to improve my communication skills. For example,using body language may lead to great communication. This is especially useful when I am not sure how to start a conversation. In addition to this,I need to be clear about what I want to communicate. I also need to be confident that the information if useful and accurate. By successfully getting my message accross,I convey my thoughts effectively .

Child Protection Enquiry UK | Policy and History

Child Protection Enquiry UK | Policy and History The purpose of the essay is to discuss and explain the child protection enquiry, its process, purpose legislation and critical issues. An accompanying leaflet has been designed to highlight the Child Protection enquiry taking into account age, diversity, oppression and anti-discriminatory practices incorporated. The age group focused on the leaflet is Young Persons aged 11-19. In addition, a commentary to justify the rationale for the design, content and structure will be carried out. Finally, an evaluation of how the issues discussed in the leaflet and essay have contributed to learning and relevance to future practice. The focus of the new millennium according to DfES (2005) is safeguarding and promoting the welfare of the child which by definition is the process of protecting children from abuse or neglect, preventing impairment of their health and development, and ensuring they are growing up in circumstances consistent with the provision of safe and effective care which is undertaken so as to enable children to have optimum life chances and enter adulthood successfully (DfES 2005a, p11). Wilson and James (2007) citing Working together to safeguard children (HM Government 2005a p 19 Para. 1.19) define child protection as the activity which is undertaken to protect specific children who are suffering or at risk of suffering significant harm. In her view Gil (1970) considers that Child abuse consists of anything which individuals, institutions or processes do or fail to do which directly harms children or damages their prospects of safe, healthy development into adulthood. This definition was adapted by the National Commission of Inquiry into the Prevention of Child Abuse. Bentovim (1998) sustain that there is strong association between significant harm and insecure attachments, citing Carlson et al (1989) who found out that more than 80% of significantly harmed infants had disorganised attachments compared to less than 20% in a non maltreated comparison group. Jones et al 1999 further supports that all disturbances in case of child maltreatment are linked to the relationship with parents own experiences. Attachment difficulties are associated with parental childhood experiences of Abuse and Deprivation, Parental Personality Difficulties as well as Functional Illnesses such as Depression. It is important to identify parent child attachment difficulties to make sound intervention where there is evidence in literature that persisting Parent/ Child attachment combined with evidence of psychological maltreatment on follow up is a consistent finding. Additionally Wilczynski (1997) cited in Wilson and James (2007) ascertain that the most consequence of child maltreatment is death which indicates the necessity for early intervention to prevent the deaths of young children. It was estimated in 2003 that in the UK that the occurance of maltreatment leading to death is nine per 1 million children and as high as 24 per 1 million in USA. UNICEF (2003). The main perpetrators in most cases it was revealed were biological parents and the most affected age group was children under five years particularly babies under one year, (Brown and Lynch (1995), UNICEF (2003). This suggested that there is need to predict , prevent and protect children from birth, Axford and Bullock (2005) and the Assessment of children and families (DOH et al 2000, Brown et al 2006). As a necessity to prevent deaths and severe consequences intervention should take into account the family structure and normally comes in after a fatal consequence or maltreatment has alr eady occurred. Protective factors need to be put in place as a deterent to raising family standards, resilience to social and environmental stress Brown and Herbert (1997). Essentially it is through assessment that the needs of such children are identified that the needs of such children are identified as the starting point of intervention. Assessment as defined by Wilson and James (2007) is identifying the needs of children at risk of encountering significant harm so as to put in place safeguarding measures that will promote their welfare and wellbeing. Reder et al (1993), Munro (1999) and Buckley (2003) cited in Howarth (2005b) observed that in cases of maltreatment effective assessment is essential as the basis to inform meaningful planning/ intervention which will promote better outcomes for children and families. This depends on professional knowledge, skills and ability to engage in multi-disciplinary team work, the child and the family to identify family needs. Additionally practitioners need to be aware of challenges and factors that can distort assessment such as perception of abuse, their values and beliefs and the application of theory to pra ctice. Parton (1991) cited in Scourfield (2003) argue that one of the most contested social issue is child protection. The main reason being that the state is seen to intervene with families so as to protect vulnerable children, at the same time giving respect to the family unit structure. This has raised public scrutiny with concerns that the state has not intervened enough to protect children or social workers have been accused to negligent and not having identified significant harm. On the other hand they are accused to have intervened too much and unnecessarily impacting on families. Typical examples highlighting the controversy are (the inquiries into the deaths of Jasmine Beckford, Kimberly carlile, Ricky Nearve, Victoria Climbe and baby P. On the other hand too much intervention was cited in child abuse investigations in Cleveland 1987, Pooch dale and Orkney) just to name a few Scourfield (2003). These contradictions and dilemmas are believed to originate from the increasing recognition that child abuse is socially constructed. This is dependent on different commentators perspectives of abuse and harm. Obviously this perspective will raise the argument whether the intervention to be carried is supportive or authoritative and reactive. Munro (2002) believes abuse is ways of treating a child in a harmful and morally wrong manner that impacts on their socio-psycho wellbeing. In trying to define abuse variations from different socio-economic and cultural backgrounds/values is to be considered. However article 19 of the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) agreed on an International formulation to condemn child abuse. This defined abuse as all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation including sexual abuse. Furthermore it is important to acknowledge the British national commissi on of inquiry into the prevention of child abuse which broadened its scope outside the family. They hold that child abuse consists of anything which individuals, institutions, or processes to or fail to do which directly or indirectly harms children or damages their prospects of safe and healthy development into adulthood National Commission, (1996:2). All the above definitions mention harm as a result of actions, omissions or exploitation. As mentioned earlier individual societies in conjunction with their legal systems supply more detailed definitions and guidelines. The UK society through the department of health and social security 1988 categorised the following specifications as guidelines and standards. These are physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and neglect. Explain these or not see word count? Munro (2002). The Children Act (1989) was set up as a measure to encourage partnership working between families and the state. It also encouraged the provision of family support to reduce the risk of severe consequences resulting in coercive state intervention. Prevention was expanded from simply to prevent children coming into care but to focus on providing services that helped and promoted families to up bring their children within their families Munro (2007). According to the Act family preservation is paramount and fundamental as well as partnership working with parents. Nevertheless it is not always the case that some parents who are neglectful and abusive sometimes see or have no capacity to constructively and systematically engage with social service intervention which try to help them. Some it is suggested become hostile, aggressive and abusive clearly not entertaining any advise or any interference with their family life. With such a contest going on the child will continue to be affected and further significant harm may occur during this contest. As said earlier social workers need to be aware of such parents and situations and act accordingly in this case in the best interest of the child who will be the focal point Bell and Wilson (2003). In the early 1990s a number of cases involving organised and institutional abuse were revealed which were outside the family context. The most prominent one being the Orkney incident in which children were taken into care following allegations of organised sexual abuse. The court hearing dismissed the case after five weeks leading the children to be returned home. Media coverage concluded injustice on caring parents fighting injustice inflicted by intolerant inconsistent social workers. This enquiry led to the selling up of regulations and procedures for dealing with organised abuse Bell (1999). Messages from research (1995) published and summarised the functioning of the child welfare system. It revealed cumulative effect of adverse publicity and policy changes that pinpointed professionals especially social workers as prioritising abuse concerns over other types of referrals. There was a division between child protection and child abuse and revealed an emphasis on tackling immediat e risks to the child and ignoring the wider social and psychological needs. There was a call to refocus of child protection in a holistic child in need context not just protection from abuse. Messages from Research (1995). (Bell 1999, Thoburn, Lewis and Shemmings 1995) revealed that the emotional impact of investigation on families whether guilty or innocent is traumatic and intrusive. Professionals need to be aware of this impact on families and seek to minimise it. The death of Victoria Climbe was a shocking event that revealed abuse and inconsistencies within professionals who had seen her. A public inquiry led by Lord Lamming (2003) also revealed that the voice of the child was ignored despite so many professionals being involved. Laming Report (2003). Gough (1997) assets that research revealed that not too often children are ignored as a active participants either as a source of knowledge/ information about their family situation/ circumstances or a reliable source of opinion on what needs to be done. Laming Report (2003). Contrary to this shortcoming one of the Childrens Act 1989 is to respect the childrens views and wishes about key decisions affecting their lives. The Act guarantees that childrens wishes and feelings must be taken into account in any matter that affects or involve them be it in court hearings, reviews and conferences. This also applies to Looked after children by local authorities, they have greater rights and voice on th e quality and care they receive. Coby (2006) The death of Victoria Climbe prompted the safeguarding agenda and policy Every Child Matters: Change for the Children Treasury (2003). The agenda proposed a radical transformation of both the organisation and culture of practice from a reactive service for a few to a more pro-active approach where all childrens needs are identified addressed at grass roots level before escalating to major serious problems. Innovative ideas such as the integrated childrens services would be essential tools. The every child matters agenda highlighted 5 outcomes for children i.e. are healthy, staying safe, enjoy contribution, and achieve economic wellbeing. Every Child Matters (2003). Working together to safeguard children DFES (2006b) highlighted the new arrangements to be implemented by different agencies to promote inter-agency co-operation to safeguarding and respond to the concerns that a child might be at risk of significant harm. The child protection policy and practice begins when a concern has been raised that a child may be at risk of abuse through neglect, physical, emotional, sexual harm. A number of sources could raise such a concern ranging from NSPCC, police, social services, a parent, neighbours, health worker, or nurse or teacher from school/nursery. It might be the case that some concerns are made anonymously or malicious. At times some anonymous concerns turn out to be true and this call that they are treated seriously. As soon as any concern is raised Social services will act as soon as possible Buckley (2003). The first response at the early stage is to make enquiries about the family concerned with other agencies linked to it such as schools, hospitals, GP, nursery or health services by carrying out an initial assessment following LSCB procedures. Initial assessment as defined by the Framework for the Assessment of Children in need and their families (DH 2000) is a brief assessment of each chil d referred to social services with a request for services to be provided. If the core assessment concludes that a child is in need of further support they will be classified as a child in need as defined by Section 17 of the Childrens Act 1989. The section mentions that it is the duty of the local authority to provide services to safeguard and promote the childs welfare and needs. If no harm is suffered the case is closed. If need be that the child needs to be seen by a S/W or police this is usually done within 24 hours after the allegation has been reported. When these initial enquiries are complete a decision is made as to whether there is need to pursue the matter or no further action required it is the duty of social workers to inform parents of any developments as soon as possible. Information such as the source of the allegation will be given to parents as long as it does not put the investigation into jeopardy or put anyone at risk. If for instance the allegation came from an institutional source like nursery, hospital or school it will be revealed . Members of the public names or identities are not revealed. During questioning or inquiries if it becomes necessary to ask a child/ the victim parents may be allowed to be present or may not be allowed if they are the perpetrators mainly or for any other reason. Depending on circumstances, Social Worker will work with both parents and child but in the best interest of the child. This is the time when parents can explain their views, concerns and what actions to be taken to address the concerns. Parents are also interviewed with their language if they dont speak English an interpreter will be available by social worker. If the need be the child may be seen by a doctor or paediatrician to ascertain what happened, treat the injuries or to seek clarity on injuries. Parents need to give permission for this if they refuse a court order will be sought for permission to have a medical examination. If a parent does not agree with proceedings they may seek legal advice. If a child is old enough to understand they may agree to be examined themselves if it is proved that they are old enough to, make such a judgement. All this is dependent on how well a child understands what is happening Merrick (1996). The medical examination is dependent on the nature of alleged abuse. It is important for the doctor to have a full understanding of the childs health and development. The examination forms part of the enquiry process as it is a way of gathering evidence and preserve any evidence to understand the abuse. The examination will reassure the parent and child that they will recover. The child may have preferences of who conducts the exam and who should be present. Social worker will also accompany or be present. If the results of the examination convince social workers that injuries were accidental not abuse no further action is taken. If the results conclude that there is likely to be significant harm or abuse further enquiries will be carried out. This may also involve enquiries regarding other family members so as to ensure that no harm has happened to them. A video recording interview may follow conducted by Social Worker and police if maybe they want to sue. This will also help if pol ice want to pursue criminal proceedings. This is done by trained officers who specialise in these procedures. It may be the case that the police need to remove the child from parents care to safeguard their protection and welfare. All necessary arrangements will be made in line with the intention of keeping the child within their family. If necessary Social Services may call a child protection conference if there is evidence of significant harm. Parents are invited and all the professionals involved with the child as well. These include social workers, police officers, doctors and other people interested in the welfare of the child. If the child is classified as having suffered or at risk of significant harm a strategy discussion meeting is pursued. A meeting consisting of all professionals from relevant agencies will meet to decide whether to proceed with a section 47 inquiry under the Children Act 1989. Under section 47 the Local Authority will investigate the case of a child in their area. Serious case review is conducted by the Local Safeguarding Children Board when a child dies or seriously injured, abused or neglected. This is an inter agency forum set up by Local Authorities to define and agree how best professional groups co-operate to safeguard children and also to ensure good outcomes for children are in place and achieved . Working Together to Safeguard Children Guidance (2010) Buckley (2003) identifies Child protection conference as a meeting arranged by social services if people are worried about a childs Safety. Child Protection Conference is carried out to decide whether a child is still at risk of continuous significant harm. The purpose of child protection conference is to bring under one roof all concerned and interested parties who are key to the welfare /wellbeing of the child. These include care professionals, medical professionals, lawyers, police, teachers and nursery practitioners. An independent child protection advisor chairs the conference and will meet the parents before the conference to explain all procedures and objectives of the meeting. Previously it was observed before the conference was introduced that the Child Protection system was regarded as inefficient and lacking since all stakeholders were not united and did not communicate effectively amongst themselves exposing a child to further harm and creating opportunity for further har m by not addressing potential risks or communicating concerns. All professionals who attend the conference are required to evaluate the welfare of the child, determine if there is potential danger and decide whether to put the child on the protection register. Care professionals will also decide course of action, such as upholding legal proceedings or criminal investigation if a decision to put the child on the protection register. A child protection plan is designed to control future proceedings regarding safety/welfare of child. The plan will highlight roles within the inter agency and enhance productive communication between individual agencies. After three months a further meeting is held to review and monitor progress. Every six months review child protection conferences are carried out. If any concerns or any of the elements in the plan are not working well they can be altered. There will also be discussion on every conference whether your child needs to remain on the Child Pr otection register. Access to file, confidentiality and complaints procedures will be adhered to. A number of legislation is relevant to the Child Protection agenda. The Childrens Act 1989 believes Children are generally best looked after within the family, with both parents playing a full and without resorting to legal proceedings. The welfare of the child is significant and their wishes should be taken into account seriously. The act seeks where possible to protect children within their families. A number of provisions were designed to improve the family and home environment to protect children. Inter communication between multi disciplinary agencies was encouraged to indentify/ address risks to a child/children so as to safeguard and protect children. Sections 17. 27 and 47 (cite) the Childrens Act 2004 highlights the need for increased accountability, integrated planning, multi- disciplinary planning and delivery of services and above all providing for children with special needs. The Human Rights Act 1998 embraces the European Convention on human Rights into UK law. Although it does not specifically mention children because they are treated as persons in the eyes of the law just as adults. The adoption and Childrens Act 2002 amends the Childrens Act 1989 by recognising the definition of harm to include witnessing domestic violence. Following Victoria Climbes death at the age of eight Lord Laming was asked to conduct an inquiry to establish whether a new legislation was needed or any other recommendations to improve the Child Protection in England. As a response keeping child safe report (Dfes 2003) and the Every Child Matters Green Paper DEFS (2003) which later became Childrens Act (2004). The Childrens Act (2004) does not add/ subtract anything from Childerens Act 1989 instead it sets out an approach to integrate services to children so that every child matters meets the five outcomes: being safe, healthy, achieve, enjoy, make a positive contribution and achieve economic wellbeing. The Childrens Act further places a duty to Local Authorities to appoint childrens Commissioner for England who is accountable for the delivery of service. Local authorities and their partners (police, health services and the youth justice system) have a duty to co-operate in promoting the wellbeing of children and young people and to make necessary arrangements to promote childrens welfare and wellbeing. As required in the lay out working together to safeguard children statutory guidance, non statutory ( area in protecting committees are replaced by the new local safeguarding children bears. They are trusted with further functions of reviewing and investigating (section 14) which they use to review all child deaths in their area. It also revises legislation regarding physical punishment by making it an offence to hit a child to an extent of causing mental harm on the skin (section 58) which repeats the defence provided to parents on reasonable chastisement of the children and Young P ersons Act 1993. The 2006 Children and Adoption Act enforces contact / contact orders when separated parents are in dispute giving more flexible powers to facilitate contact. As recommended in the Care Matters White Paper (Dfes 2007) the children and Young Persons Act is expected to give and provide high quality care and services for children in care and places a duty on registrars to notify local safeguarding board on all deaths Daniel and Ivatts (1998). The Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 requires UK Border Agency to recognise and promote safedguarding childrens welfare section 55 in line with other public organisations that have contact with children. The apprenticeships,skills, children and Leaarning Act 2009 requires two local lay community members sitting on each local safeguarding children board. Some of the provisions in the Act have been targeted for repealing by the coalition government including the duty on schools to promote the wellbeing of children and the requirement to set up childrens trust and draw up children and Young Peoples plans (Dfe 2010) There is also legislation that has been set up to protect children by monitoring adults who pose a risk,creating offences which they can be charged and stopping them from working with children. These are the sex offenders Act 1997, Sexual Offences Act 2003, Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003, Domestic Violence , Crime and Victims Act 2004 guidance on offences against children,the serious organisational crime and police Act 2005, the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 after the death of Holly and Jessica. The forced marriages Act Civil Protection 2007 and the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008. Out of all the legislation it is important to mention that they do not cover the minimum age at which a child may be left alone and how old a baby sitter should be. Having explored the child protection system and legislation it is important to address one of the critical debates in the topic which is: Does child protection work in all communities especially the ethnic minority and disabled groups? Most recent research carried out has revealed so far some of the issues which are far reaching as shortcomings. It has been suggested that new research shold explore the family structures and values on how different ethnic minority groups slip into situations requiring child protection. Highly focused studies are neede to focus and understand how some practices and beliefs in specific minority groups such as genital mutilation or the racial abuses of mixed heritage children brought up in white families. Qualitative studies into attitudes towards sexuality in different cultural and faith groups. Maybe the time limits regulating initial assessment s into culturally sensitive work re impacting on complex work to be properly carried out (such as refugee fa milies) The courts , conbferences and social work practice must be aware and pay attention to the needs of ethnic minoritoies . If these are addressed then the child protection system will be ethnically tolerant and culturally competent in the best of the chid and as hood practice. Thoburn et al (2006). Disabled children are more still likely to be abused and neglected because they rely on institutions which have a history of failing over the past decades. The institutions either lack the resources, capacity and transparency in addressing abuse/neglect and also inefficient procedures to guarantee disclosure to assist disabled children to overcome the communication barrier especially on abuse. Worse still there is more vulnerability to children whose parents are disabled. There is more likelihood of them being taken into care on the grounds of neglect than those children whose parents are not disabled. Organisations and local authorities need more structures in place and transparency to help vulnerable children and families to be able to communicate and express their worries, fears and anxieties Corby (2006). LEAFLET COMMENTARY 500 WORDS NEGLECT AND EMOTIONAL ABUSE. WHY THIS AREA? It has been a neglected area since the death of Maria Colwell Professionals focused on physical and sexual abuse. This meant the neglect and emotionally abused children and their families were not adequately represented thus getting limited resources and being filtered out of the Child protection system. When the Childrens Act 1989 was introduced it tried to address these issues and further went on to introduce registrations in the neglect/ emotional abuse category. This commitment is of great significance to practitioners whose objective is to tackle any form of child maltreatment as resources became available. Development of Identity as a Blogger | Proposal Development of Identity as a Blogger | Proposal Piyas Roy FORMATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF BLOGGER AS AN IDENTITY IN BANGLADESH INTRODUCTION General Overview As first evolved, the idea of being a blogger, always been counted as someone being technologically advanced, as long as a socially aware person with a good knowledge on contemporary reality with a good sense of expression through different forms of text. The identity of a blogger in the early days was so influential that, creative thinkers having least knowledge on blogging got huge interest over it and started to introduce themselves as a blogger, instead of just a creative fellow or a writer or anything else. But a single incident took place in the year of 2013 has drastically changed the scenario. Peoples of Bangladesh, where the country’s population is Muslim majority, started treating the bloggers in a generalized way as Islam hater atheists in general. Not only the disparity in ideology, but the situation turned so awful that holding the religious agenda, incidences like assassination of bloggers started taking place in the history of Bangladesh. In this study, I will t ry to find the formation and reformation of blogger, as an identity in Bangladesh thorough its impact on socio-religious ideology and how the ideology of freethinker bloggers get perceived by the members of different stakeholders. Background of the Study Being introduced in the year or 1996, the initial use of VSAT and dial-up based internet brought first change in Bangladeshi computing with the world wide web while the cyber space gathering was mostly based on yahoo groups (Sabir, 2015). On the other hand Justin Hall’s created the first ever blog in the internet history opened a new dimension which has been categorized and titled by Weblog by online diarist Jorn Barger in December 1997. As the technology got improved Blogger introduced the first ever free blogging platform in August 1999 which was a revolution for the blogger community, though that blogging was in an individualistic manner for each blogger to writing blog post separately onto their own platform (Thompson, 2006). For Bangladeshi bloggers the first revolutionary attempt was somewhereinblog.net which started the community Bengali blogging platform from 15 December of 2005. Bloggers of which platform later on diversified in some other platforms like amarblog.com, sachalayatan.com, mukto-mona.com and so on, turning blogging as a trend for the people of new generation. The trend of blogging turned so popular that some mainstream newspapers online version and online newspapers like the Daily Prothom Alo, introduced blogging facility as a scope of citizen journalists for inviting bloggers to become voice for the voiceless citizens. The first generation bloggers have not bounded within the lines of blogs only, but also widened their blogging in social network platforms also, mostly in Facebook. In February 6 2013, The International Crimes Tribunal-2 sentenced Jamaat-e-Islami leader Abdul Quader Mollah to life in prison for his against humanity role during the liberation war of Bangladesh. To raise voice against that unfair verdict Bloggers and Activist Network initiated the protest by organizing a human chain in front of the National Museum, which ignited the huge nationalist movement of Shahbagh, demanding the death penalty of war criminals or Liberation war of 1971. When the rebellion movement was at its pick, a blogger and one of the initiator of Shahbagh movement Ahmed Rajib Haidar, was found dead by stabbing on February 15 near his house. From investigation, it was found that Rajib was threatened by some Islamic Fundamentalists for his involvement with Shahbagh movement and his online activities in against of Islamic sentiment. That particular assassination has started the series of killing in Bangladesh, targeting the bloggers and online activists. The next victim was another blogger Mamun Hossain, who has been hacked to death in Dhaka with the same acquisition of spreading hate speeches in against of Islamic religious sentiment. Another private university student and online activist Ashraful Islam also found dead in his flat in Savar, having a deep cut injury in throat. Islamic fundamentalists got accused for this case also. Some of those attacks got failed, such as in case of blogger Asif Mohiuddin, later who has to leave country and started living in United Kingdom, as provided Asylum by the government for his life threat in Bangladesh. In March 2013, in a meeting with Prime Minister’s Office Allama Muhammad Mahbub Alam, Editor of Dainik Al Ihsan accompanied with a group of Islamic fundamentalists suggested repentance (‘tauba’) for the bloggers who are accused of making offensive statements against Islam and its Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) enclosing a list of 84 bloggers acting in that objectionable norms and a request to the government to shut down all those blog sites including somewhereinblog.net, amarblog.com, mukto-mona.com, sachalayaton.com and some others which are severely used by claimed atheists for spreading anti Islamic ideology, according to their claim. It was also found that the series or killing was miraculously following that list of 84 provided by Islamist leaders. That series killing has got an update this year on February 26, by the brutal assassination of freethinker, founder for Muktomona blog and science writer Avijit Roy near Ekushey Book Fair. Avijit’s wife and another blogger Rafida Ahmed Bonya got severely wounded during that same attack after recovering has to leave country and fly back to USA alone, from where those two came to Bangladesh to visit this year’s book fair few days ago. Prime suspect Farabi Shafiur Rahman got arrested by law enforcement agencies few days later, as he was accused for threatening Avijit over social networks for last few years d ue to his pro thinking and writings. On the contrary a miscreant cyber group Ansarullah Bengali Team claims their success in murdering Blogger Avijit through their Twitter Account. Here is not the end. Till date the latest incident took place with blogger Washiqur Rahman, on March 30 in Dhaka for the same acquisition of anti Islamist writing and practicing atheism in public sphere. Analyzing the total series of killing, the acquisition comes in front referring the bloggers and online activists being atheist and anti Islamist. Basically that identity of bloggers was used as an effective weapon by the Jamaat-e-Islami to divert the attention of people from the revolutionary demand of punishing the war criminals of 1971 with maximum penalty. On the contrary either the bloggers are being threatened of killing, leaving the country for securing their life, or started leading a new life leaving the unforgotten blogger identity aside, for the sake of security. Operational Definition Blog The word blog is a shortened form of the word Weblog, which refers to some websites, easily counted as the digital version of diary, where the publisher write posts in regular basis with identical date stamps for the posts for each days separately. Though firstly blog writing was and individual task for each blogger, later on community blogging platforms like forums or community blog sites evolved with the feature of all the bloggers to gather in a single space so share their thoughts and to place opinion on each other’s ideas. Blogger In general, the people who writes blog regularly, is known as blogger. But in case of Bangladeshi people someone who has the authority to write something over cyberspace either in blogs or in social media platforms, be counted as blogger. Research Question Throughout this research, I will try to find out the possible answers for the following questions: How the identity of blogger in different blog sites is formulated in Bangladesh? How the ideological warfare between bloggers in real space has been provoked by that of the virtual space? How the ideology of blogger has been perceived by different stakeholders/groups? Research Objectives After the successful completion of this study we will be able To understand the building blocks of blogger identity in Bangladesh and its changing form as time passes due to several socio-religious factors. To know how stakeholders from different classes of the society perceive the concept of blogging and the ideology the bloggers promote. To understand the view of blogger community members regarding the current trend of blogging and online activity in Bangladesh. To have a clear scenario of blogging in Bangladesh and to assume its future trend. Rationale of the project For last two years the issue of bloggers has been emerged with high importance. In one side, group of miscreants backed by the fundamentalist are constantly threatening the bloggers to stop their activities against the religious believe. On the contrary, in spite of having the fear of death in front, the bloggers are continuing their activities using different blog sites even in Facebook as platform. To take a control over it, government introduced The Information and Communication Technology Act, 2006, having a very few impact on the bloggers activity. On the contrary the series death incidents of the bloggers turned the government’s role under fire on ensuring citizen’s life security. More specifically the after the brutal death of Avijit Roy, a Bangladeshi American blogger and write known for pioneering Bengali freethinkers has put Bangladeshi law and order system under question in the international periphery. As long as the bloggers, the involved Islamic fundamental forces can be perceived having related to the international Islamic terrorist movement, which can also be a threat to Bangladesh’s global image and its diplomatic relation with other countries. So undoubtedly the issue regarding bloggers is a highly emerged one among the contemporary Bangladeshi social issues. Significance of the Research Till date, some blogs post, articles have been worked on bloggers’ identity formation and reformation in Bangladesh, in a scattered manner in different platforms from online publications, social media to newspapers. But no academic research has been done yet on such important topic. I hope this research can focus on the subjected topic immensely to have a better idea about the bloggers identity issues along with the ideological warfare of virtual world, impacting on the rage of fundamentalist in against of blogger community as a whole. Scopes and Limitations General purpose To determine the way how different stakeholders perceive the identity of a blogger, how that identity can come across evolution influenced by social factors and finally how the identity of virtual space can impact in real world. Subject matter Blogger identity, ideological clash with fundamentalism and its acceptance and denial in different categories of stakeholders in the society. Limitation of study This research will focus on the identity formation of only the Bangladeshi bloggers. Bloggers from other countries will not be accountable in this research. Also in different social issues bloggers often got involved in creating public opinion and awareness, even getting opposing with the governmental or any other influential forces. But all the ideological conflict issue will not be covered in this research. Instead of only bloggers ideological clash with the fundamentalist Islamic force, their ideological warfare will be counted as the matter to discuss about throughout this research work. Population or universe Bloggers and online activists playing the role of acting force of fundamentalist movement, Stakeholders from different phase of society. Locale of the study Bloggers and associated different stakeholders originated in Bangladesh. Period of the study: From the historical point from where journey of community blogging started its journey to 2016. Bibliography Sabir, S. A. (2015, February 04). History Evolution of Bangladesh Internet. Retrieved April 19, 2015, from Bangladesh Network Operators Group: http://www.bdnog.org/v2/conference_paper/Bangaldesh-Internet.pdf Thompson, C. (2006, February 20). The Early Years: A Timeline of How Blogging All Began. Retrieved April 19, 2015, from NYMag: http://nymag.com/news/media/15971/